Well, the motor will only drain certain amnount of power, and more that that woudn't damage it, it just wouldnt use it and it will got to waste. Now if the motor tries to pull more current that the controller can handle, your gunna burn out your controller.
If you try to run an induction motor on DC, or just generally use too high a voltage, you can damage the motor. Also, overspeeding a motor can result in the armature assembly spontaniously disassembling itself in a rather spectacular way...